An Essay Bribery Act 2010 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3547 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Act Essay Did you like this example? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“While it is entirely understandable that the government wishes Parliament to direct provisions to UK companies and show a strong hand to the international community, it is equally important that it does not suffocate activity in markets where those companies come up against international competitors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Discuss the extent to which the Bribery Act 2010 has balanced the two objectives identified by Michaelson and Berkeley in this extract. As a member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the UK ratified the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention[1] and in principle agreed to meet the standards set. Despite this, the UK was unsuccessful in fulfilling its obligations and this resulted in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"turning pointà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[2] whereby the Bribery Act 2010 was implemented. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Essay Bribery Act 2010" essay for you Create order The Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s predecessors[3] were crucial factors owing to the implementation as they were considered à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inconsistent, anachronistic and inadequateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[4]. This Act codifies the law and quietens the criticism of the UK for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lagging behind international competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[5] It is noteworthy that the phrase on the lips of so many commentators is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"level playing fieldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[6] which à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"works both waysà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[7]. Thus, this essayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s aim is to succinctly examine the extent to which the Act has brought the UK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"into line with international norms on anti-corruption legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[8]. However, it is also argued that the Act may be disadvantageous for UK businesses[9] as stricter obligations are imposed compared to their foreign competitors[10]. It is intended to take the two latter objectives and analyse the degree to which the Act has balanced them. There have been arguments against the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"delayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in implementation of the Act and these provide strong bases for establishing a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strong hand to the international communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[11]. The OECDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Working Group on Bribery opined that it was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very disappointed . . . [in] the further delayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; proceeding to affirm that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"establishing a level playing field for international business . . . will help strengthen the global economic recoveryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12]. The OECDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s dismay at the delay was clear when they claimed that they would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"threaten to blacklist British companiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ should they remain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"under-regulatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[13]. The OECD urged the United Kingdom to implement the Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"as a matter of high priorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ whilst Transparency International claimed that the delay à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raised serious doubts about the credibility of the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s commitment to the Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[14]. Thus, it is widely accepted that the Act was critical in bringing the UK into line with OECD member states on anti-bribery. The USA has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"been at the forefront of prosecuting international briberyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15] and thus far à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"has been [the] predominant force in setting compliance standards for international businessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[16] The FCPA[17] was regarded, until the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, as the only à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"explicit extraterritorial anti-bribery lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[18]. However, it can be seen that the UK Bribery Act has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raised the barà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[19]; and in doing so has shown à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a strong hand to the international communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[20]. The government define the Act as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"modern and consolidated bribery lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[21] that superseded the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"current law [that was] riddled with uncertainty and in need of rationalisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[22]. Despite this, it remains to be seen whether the Act will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"provide a better framework for the successful prosecution of bribery and corruption offences in the globalised industrial economyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[23]. It has been shown that the preceding laws did not comprise the common law offence of bribery and were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"outdated, unclear and lacking in scopeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[24]. These laws would not be capable of allowing the UK to fulfil their international obligations under the 1997 Anti-Bribery Convention[25]. Bribery is described as being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in its very nature insidiousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"potentially devastating consequencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[26]. With this in mind, many commentators illustrate the importance of the Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"to deal with bribery much more effectivelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[27]. It is argued that the old laws were lacking in scope because of their inability to apply to overseas subsidiaries; thus, they could not achieve the standards set by the OECD[28]. Looking at the FCPA in more depth, and comparatively analysing it, allows the extent to which the Act has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"shown a strong hand to the international communityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[29] to be examined. The 1906 legislation[30] did not refer to foreign public officials and the Bribery Act sought to amend this[31]. In doing so, this fulfils the standards set out by the OECD[32] regarding anti-bribery[33]. Both the FCPA and the Act forbid the bribery of foreign public officials and provide evidence to suggest that the two Acts are similar in effect. The prohibited conduct in relation to the two Acts is similar: the FCPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wording suggests that it is irrelevant whether the bribe is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"voluntarily offered or was suggested or demanded by a n officialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[34]. The Bribery Act parallels the FCPA[35] by including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"an advantage [that] benefits the official at his request or with his à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"acquiescenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[36]. Despite the fact that there are discrepancies in the language, there is evidence to suggest that the UK has succeeded in its attempt to move into line with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"international norms on anti-corruption legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[37]. Further to this, it is argued that because the definition is so broad, in both Acts, it could cover those who do not appear to be foreign public officials. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stand-alone offenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ per section 6 puts the UK legal framework in general congruence with the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention as well as the US FCPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[38]. Given that the UK has been under scrutiny to bring itself into line with anti-bribery norms, there has been strong criticism against the Act as it is extremely onerous on UK businesses; thus, stifling their opportunity in the international community.[39] It has been argued that the Act is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"more restrictive than [the FCPA]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[40] and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"provides the UK with some of the most draconian and far-reaching anti-corruption legislation in the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[41]. In a report by Parliament it was clarified that this would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"prejudice the international competitiveness of UK businessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[42]. The importance of this was exemplified by Frost when he commented: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in a cut and thrust world of exporting what we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want is the British playing with a straight bat and we find some that are notà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[43]. With the above in mind, it is claimed that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"most significant sea-changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[44] is that of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure to prevent briberyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[45]. This section is notab le for its prohibition of a wider scope of conduct as opposed to its FCPA counterpart[46]. However, it must be noted that although the FCPA does not incorporate commercial bribery, it may à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fill the gapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[47] by bringing these charges under the Travel Act[48] for example. Nevertheless, it is argued that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one would be forgiven for thinking that the legislation would permanently cripple the ability of UK companies to transact business overseasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[49]. Section 7 incorporates a strict liability offence whereby a corporation is held vicariously liable for the paying of a bribe by someone carrying out services on that corporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behalf. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"someoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is referred to as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"associated personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Moreover, prosecutors would not be required to prove criminal intent by the corporation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they would only need to show that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" associated personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ engaged in the bribe[50]. It could be argued, however, that this does not impose more onerous requirements compared to the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s foreign counterparts. The reason for this is because despite the fact that the FCPA does not incorporate a stand-alone corporate offence, legal liability would attach to a corporation (caused by an employee or agent) by other means. Responsibility on behalf of the corporation can be established through the common law principle of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"respondeat superiorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[51] Although the corporate offence may impose more severe requirements on businesses, and subsequently à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"suffocating activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[52], there is a defence where a commercial organisation can put in place à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"adequate proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[53]. This would reduce liability on the company if they can prove that they have à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strong, up-to-date and effective anti-bribery po liciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[54]. It is clear that the burden of proof is on the commercial organisation to show that relevant procedures are in place. Notably, the defence reduces liability of the commercial organisation because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the principal concern of the Act is to direct the criminal law [at them]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to ensure that active bribery is not committed on their behalfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[55]. The adequate procedures guidance[56] produced six principles with comments and explanations; thus, providing evidence that there has been an attempt to balance the two objectives. It is important to state that it remains with the courts to decide if the corporation has adequately put in place procedures to prevent the bribery of one of their employees or agents[57]. Thus, the company can discharge the burden if they implement the Ministry of Justiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guidance as well as implementing their own procedures re the six principles. It is argued, however, that à ¢ â‚ ¬Ã‹Å"where bribery has occurred, that self-evidently any procedures which were designed to prevent bribery must have been inadequateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[58]. It is clear that the Act may go too far in terms of penalties imposed on the individual or corporation. Although à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strict penalties will make companies take notice and tighten controlsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[59] does it go too far? Does the Act put more onerous requirements on these UK businesses so that they are losing out compared to their foreign competitors? Under the Act, an individual may be given an unlimited fine or imprisoned for 10 years[60]. A corporation may receive an unlimited fine pursuant to section 7 of the Act. It is argued that these à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"stifferà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[61] penalties are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"draconianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[62]. The penalties under the Act à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"raised significantlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[63] compared to the FCPA; thus, commercial organisations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"may need to review compliance proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that allow them to conform with the scope of the FCPA[64]. It is widely commented that corporate hospitality could prove problematic for commercial organisations. The UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s counterpart, the FCPA, incorporates a defence for a foreign official regarding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"promotion, demonstration or explanation of productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[65]. However, it is evident that the UK Act does not offer such a defence and could prove to be problematic for businesses. Furthermore, it could provide evidence of legislation which is far too onerous[66]. It is clear that the simplistic language of the Act, coupled with the fact that there is no need for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"offer, promise or paymentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ to be made corruptly, could render à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"all promotional gifts or hospitality expensesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[67] criminal. If corporate hospitality is to be criminal then it depends how à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lavishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[68] it is. Lord Tunnicliffe stated that it would be legal to use corporate hospitality for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legitimate commercial purposesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[69]. Nevertheless, he stated that it could be illegal if it was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"[too] lavish [a] hospitalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[70]. It is continuously stated that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"unclear as to what extent corporate hospitality falls within the Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and is subsequently à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"likely to trouble . . . businessesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[71]. Thus, arguably, the Act has unconvincingly balanced the two objectives in this sense. Distinguishing between what is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legitimate and illegitimate could prove problematicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[72]. This argument was strengthened when the English Law Commission à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"struggled valiantlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[73] to determine what forms of corporate hospitality would be acceptable. The prosecution of the company for corporate hospitality remains in the hands of the courts and depends on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"slippery and subjective conceptà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of intention[74]. It would be inevitably beneficial for businesses if they reflected on their internal corporate hospitality policies and applied firm guidelines on the matter[75]. The criticism is extensive enough that some are alleging that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Christmas gifts are likely to be considered bribesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[76]. There has unquestionably been an attempt by Parliament to bring the UK into line with other OECD member states regarding anti-bribery. Nevertheless, there exists evidence to suggest that the Act has given rise to too onerous requirements on UK businesses. The anachronistic legislation was repealed by the Act and was undoubtedly needed. The delay in implementation was significant in emphasising the importance of this much needed law; however, it is clear that the Act has struggled to balance the two former objectives. There are sections in the A ct, namely section 6 for example, which brings the UK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"into line with international norms on anti-corruption legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[77] and subsequently goes further than the FCPA golden standard. Nonetheless, the failure to prevent bribery on behalf of a commercial organisation is regarded as far too à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"draconianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the penalties are excessive and companies could be convicted of bribery for sending à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Christmas giftsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Bibliography Legislation and Conventions Bribery Act 2010 Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977 (United States) Prevention of Corruption Act 1906 Prevention of Corruption Act 1916 Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889 Travel Act 1952. Articles AaronBerg, D and Higgins, N, The Bribery Act 2010: All Bark and No Bite.? [2010] Arch. Rev. 2010, 5, 6-9. Addleshaw Goddard, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate Hospitality and the Bribery Act 2010: Will Your Strawberries and Cream be Followed by Porridge?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (August 2010) https://www.addleshawgoddard.com/asset_store/document/corporate_hospitality_and_the_bribery_act_2010_112048.pdf accessed 29 January 2013. Cannon, L, Rene, A, Corsi, A and Smith, R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act 2010: A New Era for UK Enforcement of Bribery and Corruption Offences?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Fullbright Alert (9 April 2010)https://www.fulbright.com/index.cfm?DETAIL=yesFUSEACTION=publications.detailNEWPAGE=0PUB_ID=4422SITE_ID=461pf=y accessed 1 March 2013. Cogman, S, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bye-bye backhandersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Euro. Law. 2011, 106, 44-45. Cropp, N, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Bribery Act 2010: Part 4: a comparison with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: nuance v nousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2011] Crim. L.R. 2011, 2, 122-141. Financial Markets Law Committee, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Analysis of uncertainty around the Bribery Act 2010 Ministry of Justice Consultation on guidance about commercial organisations preventing briberyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (November 2010) Issue 160. Fine, M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Coordinating UK Bribery Act FCPA Complianceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Inspiring Principled Performance (April 2011). Kocoras J, The Bribery Act 2010: raising the bar above the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act [2010] Comp. Law. 2010, 31(11), 362-369. Leigh, D, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"British firms face bribery blacklist, warns corruption watchdogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Guardian (31 January 2011). Michaelson, J and Berkeley, A, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Positive Stepsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2009] 159 N.L.J 819. Ministry of Justice, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"THE BRIBERY ACT 2010: Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing (section 9 of the Bribery Act 2010)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bribery-act-2010-guidance .pdf accessed 25 February 2013. Peith, M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"UK: Chair Of OECD Working Group On Bribery Concerned Over Delay Of New Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1 February 2011) https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/ukchairofoecdworkinggrouponbriberyconcernedoverdelayofnewbriberyact.htm accessed 4 March 2013. Russell, J, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is the Bribery Act?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (London, 31 March 2011). Searcey, D, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"On Second Thought . . . U.K. Bribery Act Delayedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Wall Street Journal (31 January 2011)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/01/31/on-second-thought-uk-bribery-act-delayed/ accessed 21 February 2013. Sheikh, S, The Bribery Act 2010: commercial organisations beware! I.C.C.L.R. 2011, 22(1), 1-16. Shoosmiths, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A comparison between UK Bribery Act and the FCPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (9 May 2012) https://www.shoosmiths.co.uk/client-resources/legal-updates/A-comparison-between-UK-Bribery-Act-and-th e-FCPA-1543.aspx accessed 10 February 2013. Sullivan, G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Proscribing Corruption à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Some Comments on the Law Commission Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 1998 Crim. L.R. 547. , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Bribery Act 2010: Part 1: an overviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Crim. L.R. 2011, 2, 87-100. Transparency International, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act: Myth and Realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1 February 2011) https://www.bond.org.uk/data/files/TI-UK_Briefing_UKBribery_Act.pdf accessed 2 March 2013. Tyler, R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bona Fide Corporate Freebies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must Survive Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (8 Novemeber 2010). , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Christmas gifts could be illegal under Bribery Act, says PwCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (22 December 2010) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/8217356/Christmas-gifts-could-be-illegal-under-Bribery-Act-says-PwC.html accessed 14 March 2013. Weinstein, M, Meyer, R, Clark , J, The UK Bribery Act vs. the U.S. FCPA The Ethisphere (22 April 2011) https://anticorruption.ethisphere.com/the-uk-bribery-act-vs-the-u-s-fcpa/ accessed 10 March 2013. Working Group on Bribery, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"UK: Chair Of OECD Working Group On Bribery Concerned Over Delay Of New Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å", (1 February 2011) https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/ukchairofoecdworkinggrouponbriberyconcernedoverdelayofnewbriberyact.htm accessed 21 January 2013 Yeoh, P, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act 2010: implications for regulated firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ J.F.R. C. 2012, 20(3), 264-277. , The UK Bribery Act 2010: Contents and Implications [2012] JFC 37, 37. Reports and Guidance Law Commission, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reforming Bribery (The Stationary Office, 2008), Law Com No 313, HC Paper No 928. Law Commission, Law Com. No 248 (1998) [5.75 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5.82]. Ministry of Justice, Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing (section 9 of the Bribery Act 2010) (Ministry of Justice, 2010), CP11/10. Transparency International, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act Adequate Proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (July 2010). 1 [1] Officially known as: Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [2] Yeoh, P, The UK Bribery Act 2010: Contents and Implications [2012] JFC 37, 37. [3] Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889; Prevention of Corruption Act 1906; Prevention of Corruption Act 1916. [4] AaronBerg, D and Higgins, N, The Bribery Act 2010: All Bark and No Bite.? [2010] Arch. Rev. 2010, 5, 6-9. [5] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, A, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Positive Stepsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2009] 159 N.L.J 819. [6] Ibid; See also, Working Group on Bribery, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"UK: Chair Of OECD Working Group On Bribery Concerned Over Delay Of New Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å", (1 February 2011) https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/ukchairofoecdworkinggrouponbriberyconcernedoverdelayofnewbriberyact.htm accessed 21 January 2013; finally see, Transparency International, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act: Myth and Realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1 February 2011) https://w ww.bond.org.uk/data/files/TI-UK_Briefing_UKBribery_Act.pdf accessed 2 March 2013. [7] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, A ,(n 3). [8] Russell, J, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is the Bribery Act?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (London, 31 March 2011). [9] David Frost in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Tyler, R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bona Fide Corporate Freebies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must Survive Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (8 Novemeber 2010)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [10] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, (n 3). [11] Ibid. [12] Peith, M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"UK: Chair Of OECD Working Group On Bribery Concerned Over Delay Of New Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1 February 2011) https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/ukchairofoecdworkinggrouponbriberyconcernedoverdelayofnewbriberyact.htm accessed 4 March 2013. [13] Peith, M in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Leigh, D, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"British firms face bribery blacklist, warns corruption watchdogà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Guardian (31 January 2011)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [14] Chandrashekhar, K in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Searcey, D, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"On Second Thought . . . U.K. Bribery Act Delayedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Wall Street Journal (31 January 2011)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2011/01/31/on-second-thought-uk-bribery-act-delayed/ accessed 21 February 2013. [15] Cannon, L, Rene, A, Corsi, A and Smith, R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act 2010: A New Era for UK Enforcement of Bribery and Corruption Offences?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Fullbright Alert (9 April 2010) https://www.fulbright.com/index.cfm?DETAIL=yesFUSEACTION=publications.detailNEWPAGE=0PUB_ID=4422SITE_ID=461pf=y accessed 1 March 2013. [16] Kocoras J, The Bribery Act 2010: raising the bar above the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act [2010] Comp. Law. 2010, 31(11), 362-369. [17] Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977. [18] Cropp, N, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Bribery Act 2010: Part 4: a comparison with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act: nuance v nousà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2011] Crim. L.R. 2011, 2 , 122-141. [19] Kocoras, J, (n 14). [20] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, (n 3). [21] Progress of the Bill, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act 2009-10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, https://services.parliament.uk/bills/2009-10/briberyhl.html accessed 12 March 2013. [22] Law Commission, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Reforming Bribery (The Stationary Office, 2008), Law Com No 313, HC Paper No 928. [23] Cannon, L, Rene, A, Corsi, A and Smith, R, (n 15). [24] Yeoh, P, (n 2). [25] Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [26] Jack Straw, The Ministry of Justice: Bribery Draft Legislation, 2009 Cm 7570, p3. [27] Ministry of Justice, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Government Welcomes New Bribery Law Recommendationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (20 November 2008). [28] Yeoh, P, (n 2). [29] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, (n 3). [30] Prevention of Corruption Act 1906. [31] The Bribery Act 2010, s6. [32] Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. [33] Sheikh, S, The Bribery Act 2010: commercial organisations beware! I.C.C.L.R. 2011, 22(1), 1-16. [34] Fine, M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Coordinating UK Bribery Act FCPA Complianceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Inspiring Principled Performance (April 2011). [35] Cropp, N, (n 18). [36] Fine, M, (n 33). [37] Russell, J, (n 8). [38] Yeoh, P, (n 2). [39] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, (n 3). [40] Weinstein, M, Meyer, R, Clark, J, The UK Bribery Act vs. the U.S. FCPA The Ethisphere (22 April 2011) https://anticorruption.ethisphere.com/the-uk-bribery-act-vs-the-u-s-fcpa/ accessed 10 March 2013. [41] AaronBerg, D and Higgins, N, (n 4). [42] Joint Parliamentary Debate in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Michaelson, J and Berkeley, A, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Positive Stepsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [2009] 159 N.L.J 819à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [43] David Frost in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Tyler, R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bona Fide Corporate Freebies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Must Survive Bribery Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (8 Novemeber 2010)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. [44] Hoar, C, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Hard Graftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ C.N. 2010, May/Jun, 2-3. [45] Bribery Act 2010, s7. [46] Weinstein, M, Meyer, R, Clark, J, (n 40). [47] Ibid. [48] Travel Act, 18 U.S.C 1952. [49] Cogman, S, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bye-bye backhandersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Euro. Law. 2011, 106, 44-45. [50] Fine, M, (n 33). [51] Ibid. [52] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, (n 3). [53] Ministry of Justice, Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing (section 9 of the Bribery Act 2010) (Ministry of Justice, 2010), CP11/10, https://www.justice.gov.uk/legislation/bribery accessed 12 March 2013. [54] Transparency International, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act Adequate Proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (July 2010). [55] Sheikh, S, (n 32). [56] Ministry of Justice, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"THE BRIBERY ACT 20 10: Guidance about procedures which relevant commercial organisations can put into place to prevent persons associated with them from bribing (section 9 of the Bribery Act 2010)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/legislation/bribery-act-2010-guidance.pdf accessed 25 February 2013. [57] Sheikh, S, (n 32). [58] AaronBerg, D and Higgins, N, (n 4). [59] Michaelson, J and Berkeley, (n 3). [60] Bribery Act 2010, s 1, 2 and 6. [61] Yeoh, P, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act 2010: implications for regulated firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ J.F.R. C. 2012, 20(3), 264-277. [62] Hoar, C, (n 45). [63] Transparency International, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bribery Act Adequate Proceduresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (July 2010). [64] Yeoh, P, (n 62). [65] Weinstein, M, Meyer, R, Clark, J, (n 41). [66] Ibid. [67] Sullivan, G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Bribery Act 2010: Part 1: an overviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Crim. L.R. 2011, 2, 87-100. [68] Shoosmiths, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A comparison betwee n UK Bribery Act and the FCPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (9 May 2012) https://www.shoosmiths.co.uk/client-resources/legal-updates/A-comparison-between-UK-Bribery-Act-and-the-FCPA-1543.aspx accessed 10 February 2013. [69] Lord Tunnicliffeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s letter to Lord Henley https://www.docstoc.com/docs/71131033/Lord-Tunnicliffes-letter-on-corporate-hospitalityDraft-letter- accessed 14 March 2013. [70] Ibid. [71] AaronBerg, D and Higgins, N (n 4). [72] Kocoras J, (n 16). [73] Law Commission, Law Com. No 248 (1998) [5.75 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 5.82]; see also Sullivan, G, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Proscribing Corruption à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Some Comments on the Law Commission Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ 1998 Crim. L.R. 547. [74] Financial Markets Law Committee, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Analysis of uncertainty around the Bribery Act 2010 Ministry of Justice Consultation on guidance about commercial organisations preventing briberyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (November 2010) Issue 160. [75] Addleshaw Goddard , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Corporate Hospitality and the Bribery Act 2010: Will Your Strawberries and Cream be Followed by Porridge?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (August 2010) https://www.addleshawgoddard.com/asset_store/document/corporate_hospitality_and_the_bribery_act_2010_112048.pdf accessed 29 January 2013. [76] Tyler, R, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Christmas gifts could be illegal under Bribery Act, says PwCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (22 December 2010) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/yourbusiness/8217356/Christmas-gifts-could-be-illegal-under-Bribery-Act-says-PwC.html accessed 14 March 2013. [77] Russell, J, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is the Bribery Act?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Daily Telegraph (London, 31 March 2011).

Group Discussion Essay Topics - Writing Great College Essays

<h1>Group Discussion Essay Topics - Writing Great College Essays</h1><p>If you're experiencing difficulty thinking of any great gathering conversation article points, at that point the best thing you can do is to have a fabulous time. You're going to find that with a bit of arranging and a ton of fun, it will be an a lot simpler undertaking. Here are a few thoughts for various subjects you can compose your expositions on.</p><p></p><p>If you've never been on a school grounds, you will be stunned at the assorted variety. There are such a large number of various societies, religions, ethnicities, and convictions. So as to remember some assortment for your point, you'll need to begin by recording addresses you may request to get everybody's considerations. You may even need to have the members vote on the theme first. When they've chosen what the theme is, you would then be able to continue to the composing part.</p><p></p>< p>It's not an impractical notion to sort out your point with everybody in a room. Notwithstanding, you would prefer not to be circumventing asking individuals what they think, yet rather recorded as a hard copy them out. Keep it basic as could reasonably be expected and don't make it excessively unoriginal or explicit as it is composed. Along these lines everybody can simply envision themselves taking an interest in the discussion.</p><p></p><p>When expounding on a point like religion, you'll need to get into the central issues. How does this religion identify with society on the loose? Is there a shared factor that integrates them all? These are only a portion of the central issues you'll need to inquire. You'll likewise need to solicit a wide range from questions.</p><p></p><p>You're going to need to continue composing these various points until you've secured everything that you have to cover. This is the place you'll have to mak e them conceptualize works out. You'll need to concoct loads of various inquiries that you believe are significant. For instance, possibly you realize that the greater part of your members will be Muslims, or you've seen that the vast majority of them are ladies. These things will give you something to begin with.</p><p></p><p>Take an opportunity to converse with these individuals and discover what their points of view are. That way, you can utilize this data when composing. So consider things that you think about them before you go composing. You'll most likely need to be nitty gritty and to the moment that you converse with people.</p><p></p><p>Before you know it, you'll have a simple point that incorporates the entirety of the issues you need to expound on. At that point, you'll be headed to getting the school articles that you're so glad of.</p>

Buying Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics

<h1> Buying Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics</h1> <p>There are a great deal of conceivable thoroughly analyze paper points, and various them are difficult to perform. It is conceivable to likewise arrange a completely composed look into article and lighten the amount of work you have to do. In the event that it comes to look into exposition, there are two significant sorts of article structures. Seeing how to start a thoroughly analyze paper is the underlying advance to composing a fascinating article that will keep perusers connected the entirety of the best approach to. </p> <p>Before you initiate composing your paper, you need to deliver a subject (should you don't have one yet). Normally, you should begin composing. Remember that each passage should end with a decision that is a speedy sentence indicating the essential thought of the area. As you would know, it's the starter phase of creative cycle that can assist you with succeeding with your exposition. </p> <h2> New Ideas Into Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics Never Before Revealed </h2> <p>Take into thought the typical mistakes an understudy can make and figure out how to dodge them to gain incredible evaluations. Understudies have occupied existences and as often as possible disregard a moving toward cutoff time. They have to effectively finish the educational plan of both instructive establishments so as to progress in numerous vocations. Undergrads are our absolute first class. </p> <h2> Whispered Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics Secrets </h2> & lt;p>There are bunches of approaches that it is conceivable to apply to make every one of your considerations stream legitimately and easy to peruse. The absolute first thing you should do is recognize the kind of thoroughly analyze paper which you are taking care of. In the event that, for instance, you picked to go with sports, pick two differentiating points in the specific classification like soccer versus ball. For instance an individual may choose a subject like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. </p> <h2>The Most Popular Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics </h2> <p>Choose whether you have an inclination for one. You should introduce your theme, unmistakably, and furthermore your proposal explanation that has the capacity of showing to your perusers what is the plausible way of the full work. You will readily support your folks, as you may profit by it somewhat. </p> <p>Such sort of expositions empowers the perusers to consider the points of interest and detriments of two things so they can pick one out of them. Enough practice in perusing and composing will flexibly you with an extra favorable position. You may likewise pick 1 point right now and start rehearsing. You need to investigate your subject to choose three cases. </p> <p>The previously mentioned thoroughly analyze article themes are only two or three numerous points you'll have the option to choose to discuss in your paper. In this way, you will be in a situation to characterize the most noteworthy realities. Related Articles, correlations are finished in. </p> <p>You should inquire about the chose point and find realities to negate your first theory. Following that, you can't find a best subject. You may utilize any as the subject of your paper especially when you're not doled out a particular topic. Significance of an Interesting Topic If you've picked a subject that doesn't intrigue you, it will be extremely difficult for you to compose on such a point. </p> <p>1 time your student sees the genuine advanced cornucopia of universities out there, it'll be less hard for you to push the young lady toward the exact schools that can be a superior fit in. Picking unique themes can take some time in the event that you don't have any valuable and unrivaled examples before you. Inside my experience, unmistakable articles are just troublesome with respect to choosing exactly what things to expound on. You just need to arrange an extraordinary article from specialists with the best scholarly degrees in a combination of fields.</p > <h2> Facts, Fiction and Good Compare Contrast Essay Topics </h2> <p>Expert help from online journalists can help spare you bunches of time that you could spend on your friends and family, leisure activities, companions, or other basic examinations. On the off chance that you're examining an exposition for school level understudies, at that point you would need a subject that offers you an opportunity to show your level of competency so far as understanding an issue. Just quality, you will be composing assignments in an accurate basic reasoning. Finding the ideal subject isn't the hardest activity in earth, you should simply to mull over a couple of elements. </p>

Why Coaches and Admissions Analysts Work Together

<h1>Why Coaches and Admissions Analysts Work Together</h1><p>Academic mentors and confirmations experts regularly share the assessment that school affirmations and classified confirmation scholars would make an incredible group. These experts are called upon to assist understudies with making up their brains about whether to take a crack at their preferred school. Mentors and guides are frequently combined up with confirmations advisors who compose affirmation essays.</p><p></p><p>These confirmations masters both need to cooperate and adjust their particular jobs as evaluators, judges, and perusers. In many cases, the confirmations essayist and the affirmations advisor share similar obligations and duties. The two of them are responsible for picking the best possibility for the school and the competitor ought to be decided by both the affirmations essayist and the confirmations guide to the best of their ability.</p><p></p>& lt;p>What numerous candidates, guardians, and advisors don't understand is that the two experts' encounters are not the equivalent. Their jobs are altogether different. Affirmation scholars, for instance, for the most part aren't responsible for making determinations for the class. They aren't accountable for choosing the understudies. Confirmation journalists are commonly doled out the undertaking of helping understudies build up a positive oral essay.</p><p></p><p>Most affirmations article scholars aren't engaged with the choice procedure. They are generally allocated to expound on the qualities of the applicants, the explanations behind choosing them, and, toward the finish of the paper, an official conclusion that has been made. Generally, confirmations journalists are the determination panel for the classes. This is the job wherein they work related to affirmations counselors.</p><p></p><p>Admission guides then again, are respo nsible for composing various assignments. They can't just compose the one best up-and-comer's affirmation article. They need to compose a variety of articles in an assortment of branches of knowledge. They may likewise accomplish the difficult work of ensuring their understudies' articles are organized and arranged well.</p><p></p><p>This blend of jobs is sufficient to produce a solid correspondence. Both confirmation journalists and affirmations advocates are frequently ready to comprehend the objectives and interests of the other. Affirmation journalists realize what their understudies are thinking and how they see the world. Confirmation instructors realize the specific time to plunk down and examine the affirmations exposition and compose a pre-decided sentence or expression, trailed by a particular point to be underlined by the last application.</p><p></p><p>There is a significant level of trust in a connection between these two p eople. They make each other responsible. In light of this trust, confirmation authors have a solid possibility of performing adequately. This trust and the collaboration factor lead numerous high performing groups to triumph.</p>

Business and Social Responsibility Essay - 406 Words

Business and Social Responsibility It is widely known that for a business to be successful it needs to provide a good or service that is desired by the public and also to obtain a profit in providing said good or service. Now while these are the most important components to a successful business, they are not the only ones. The social responsibilities of a business include the following: environmental protection and preservation, employee safety and morale, product safety for the consumer. The financial manager must keep these three social responsibilities in mind when making any and all decisions. The environment has become a big issue over the last 30-40 years, especially for the businesses that may negatively affect it.†¦show more content†¦In turn this bad publicity has negatively affected the business and in a lot of cases, caused the business to fade away. It is the job of the financial manager to oversee these environmental issues and make socially responsible de cisions not only to avoid bad publicity, but to do their part in aiding the environment in a financially sound manner. A businesss employees are probably the most important part of the organization. In short, if there is something that hinders the performance of the employees the whole company suffers. Providing a safe and stimulating work environment is another thing that a financial manager should do to efficiently and effectively turn out a superior product. By keeping employee accidents to a minimum a business will avoid costly lawsuits and down-time. Every business must realize that an unsafe product will not last in the open market and will, in the long run, cost more money to correct. The financial manager must understand that, above all, the product must be safe. 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The Relationship Between George and Leonie Essay Example For Students

The Relationship Between George and Leonie Essay George takes care of Leonie and treats Leonie like a brother or a son. An example of this is how he speaks to Leonie, Leonie! he said sharply, Leonie, for God, sakes dont drink so much. . Leonie. You goanna he sick like you was last night. The way George speaks to Leonie is how a big brother or a father would speak to his son. Clearly, George cares for Leonie and doesnt want to see him get sick. Also at times George can get very annoyed or irritated with Leonie. He shows this when he gets trusted with Leonie George says, Matter we anti got. Thats what you want. God a mighty, was alone I could live so easy George says this when he gets upset with Leonie and he goes on a rant about how he could go to a cat house with his fifty bucks. Another trait about George is that he is a leader. George show that he is a leader when he needs Leonie to do something. George can instruct Leonie to defend himself against Curly, when Curly is beating Leonie. Get IM, Leonie! _ . George yelled again, I said get horn In this part Curly, the bosses son, starts to beat up Leonie. Clearly George acts as a leader when he tells Leonie to rotate himself. Furthermore George cares for Leonie and doesnt want to see Leonie hurt. The other main character, Leonie, is the man George takes care of. Leonie has 3 mental disability Which causes him to act like a child. An example Of this is when they were back in the town of Weed and Leonie saw a girl with a red dress and he wants to feel it because it looks soft. But because he doesnt know better, he doesnt know to ask if he could feel it, he just does it, and the girl screams rape. Another example would be Leonie doesnt understand the idea Of segregation between racism blacks and whites. For example, Leonie goes into Crooks (the black sable buck) room and talked to him not knowing that he is not supposed to interact with him. Leonie is child-like because he doesnt discriminate. Another way to describe Leonie is strong like a bull. In fact, Leonie does the work of two men, For example when the men are out in the field no one wants to work with Leonie because he is too taste and too strong. All in all, George and Leonie are two uncommon migrant men who travel together and care for each other as they go trot job to job. George affects Leonie in positive and negative ways, One way George affects Leonie is he is like a father figure towards Leonie. For example George cleans Leonie up after Curly attacks him, Clearly, George is concerned about Leonie and tells him, Maybe you better go in the washroom an clean up your face. George cares for Leonie and wants to keep him safe. Another positive is George also anticipates future conflicts with Leonie. For example George says, If you jus happen to get in trouble like you always done before, I want you to come right here an hide in the brush. Unquestionably, this foreshadows Leonie is going to get into some kind Of trouble and George wants to hue a plan to protect him. This is good for Leonie because will help him be safe. Although George affects Leonie in positive ways, he also affects him in negative ways too. One negative is George use to play jokes on Leonie. Unfortunately Leonie understands knew that there is even a joke being played on him because hes n ot smart. For example, George says, One day a bunch of guys was standing around up on the Sacramento River. Was feeling pretty smart. I turns to Leonie and says, lump in. An he jumps. Couldnt swim a stroke. .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe , .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .postImageUrl , .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe , .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:hover , .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:visited , .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:active { border:0!important; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:active , .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u78e98f2426c83a371af8faaf2935febe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Andy Warhol: a Pop Culture Icon EssayHe damn near drowned before we could get him. An he was so damn nice to me for pulling him out. Clean forgot told him to jump in. Unquestionably, this is negative because Leonie almost drowns because he cant swim. Another way George affects Leonie negatively is he tells Leonie about easy his life would he without him around, For example, George says,God mighty if I was alone could live so easy Go get a job No trouble Furthermore George goes on about how he would live without Leonie and this is active because it is hurtful to Leonie and causes him to be upset Without a doubt George affects Leonie in both good and bad ways. Leonie also affects George in positive and negative ways. One positive way Leonie affects George is Leonie keeps the Dream alive by always reminding and asking George to tell him the dream. Leonie begs, Ã'› Come on, George. Tell me-like you done before. To please Leonie George says, Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world No family dont belong Thats it We got a future Got somebody to talk to that gives a damn Unquestionably, this affects George because Leonie makes George believe there dream Will someday be reality. Leonie also provides companionship for George. For example they travel together and Leonie gives George someone to talk to. In fact, they always say to each other, L got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you To be sure George is affected positively because with Leonie by his side, George is never lonely. Although Leonie affects George in positive ways, he also affects him in negative ways as well. One way Leonie affects George in a negative way is he always gets into trouble. A good example of this is when they were back in Weed, George says, Well, he seen this girl in a red dress. Dumb bastard like he is, he wants to touch everything he likes. Just wants to feel it. So he reaches out to feel this red dress an the girl lets out a squawk, and that gets Leonie all mixed up, and he holds on cause thats the only thing he can think to do Undoubtedly, this is negative because this causes George to have to step in and leave his job and in order to protect Leonie so they dont kill him, for a false accusation of rape. Also George is forced to kill Leonie because of his actions he takes on Curlers wife. For example, Leonie accidentally kills Curlers wife and that is a big problem because Leonie is causing trouble for George, therefore to end the possible torture and the possibility of being canned he kills Leonie. George is extremely upset that he has to kill Leonie but it is for the best of both Leonie and George himself. As always George has to make a decision that is best for Leonie. Without a doubt, both Leonie affects George both positively and negatively. In conclusion, Many works of literature deal visa close relationships. This novel gave many grate examples Of a close friendship. George and Leonie clearly have their ups and downs and care for each other. Unquestionably George and Leonie affect each Other both positively and negatively. They both needed each other, and wanted to be around one another. If George did not have Leonie George would probably have a better life, With a stable job and everything he talks about having. Also if Leonie didnt have George he would be lost and in a mental hospital or jail. Clearly George and Leonie both give and take in this relationship and help one another, to create the story of a beautiful friendship.

Business Communication Booked Outsourcing Process

Question: Describe about the Business Communication for Booked Outsourcing Process. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing, also known as Business Process Outsourcing, is the process of employing the services of another individual or company to handle the business activities of an organization, domestically or internationally. This practice has become quite common in todays times and allows small or medium sized enterprises to obtain services or skills which they find it hard to attain or develop themselves due to any monetary or manpower restraints or both. It also helps any organization in cost cutting, focusing on core competencies and improving efficiency (Overby 2013). Over time, businesspeople have understood the prominent advantage of outsourcing and have incorporated it in their organizations. It is to be noted that outsourcing offshore is commonly known as offshoring (Overby 2013). Entrepreneurs have been considering outsourcing as a strategy booked only for big firms. However, modern technologies have made it accessible for all kinds of enterprises. Businesspeople can operate from and at anywhere in the world, and they can easily avail the services of extremely skilled professionals. This has helped many small businesses to expand, increase productivity and manage bottom lines (Vyrynen and Kinnula 2012). Now it has become a huge trend in human resource management. Outsourcing has lessened the burdens of small enterprises by removing factors like overhead paying in payroll taxes, insurance expenses, compensations, as well as space constraints. Outsourcing in firms Outsourcing has been considered time-consuming, but if once figured out that how to properly handle the services can result in advanced efficiencies and economies of scale. Entrepreneurs have understood the potential of outsourcing, and certain aspects of their business that do not require their supervision, but is vital, has been outsourced to be handled. There are two categories of outsourcing: back office outsourcing and front office outsourcing. Back office outsourcing includes internal business functions like bookkeeping or human resources, and front office outsourcing comprises of various kinds of customer services. Other outsourcing sectors include retail, IT, healthcare, media, transport and business services (Westphal and Sohal 2013). The accounting business is shifting at a swift pace, and accountants are facing two alternatives: to either develop into a business of the future or be compelled to be wiped out of existence. The domain is encountering, with advancements in technology, conversion of compliance into a product with no particular want for this facet to be administered or controlled. Considering this, several accountants these days are sincerely taking into account or have now made up their mind on outsourcing a huge portion of their services that are not included in their core business functions. Outsourced accounting builds more intimate client relationships because of increased client interactions and sharing of confidential data. Since trust is formed, the association might direct to other tasks for instance tax jobs and CFO counseling services (Mohammadi and Molavi 2015). Instances of outsourcing A lot of firms are justifiably hesitant about employing individuals residing on the other part of the globe to assist important business operations. Cutcher Neale are willing to go down the same lane. On the other hand, several of the top outsourcing suppliers have alleviated the threats and deal with the apprehensions that customers might have about offshoring their tasks by their inventive project management policies. If truth were told, several of todays well-known businesses began with outsourced developers (Kalaignanam and Varadarajan 2012). Polson Higgs, an accounting firm from New Zealand, have been increasingly contracting out back-office accounting to India, capturing the advantage of the cheaper workforce and dissimilar time zones. They are retaining around 200 staff in Christchurch and Dunedin and around ten chartered accountants in South India, carrying out low-level accounting assignments. The entire work is completed over a protected Internet gateway, and nothing material is sent off to India (Stewart, 2016). Another organization that has adopted the outsourcing model isAccenture (ACN). One of the principal multinational management consulting, technology assistances and outsourcing firm ACN described proceeds of more than $30.0 billion with roughly more than 330,000 workers, helping customers in over 200 towns in 56 nations. In 2012,Accentureconsisted of about 80,000 workers in India, beyond any other nation, in relation to 40,000 in the US, and around 35,000 in the Philippines (Forbes.com, 2015). Benefits and negatives of outsourcing Outsourcing has turned out to be the key word in todays competitive world where accounting outsourcing service suppliers and purchasers are equally profited by the barter of superior accounting outsourcing assistances for capital. Benefits of accounting outsourcing are comprehensive and forever growing (Schniederjans, Schniederjans, and Schniederjans 2015). Some basic advantages are covered to help Cutcher Neale to understand the positive effects of outsourcing: Cost Reduction Considerable cost reduction happens when a trade operation is outsourced. Staff compensation expenses, workplace area expenses and other expenses linked with supplying an office or manufacturing unit are removed and open up assets for other functions. Attention To Main Business Outsourcing permits firms to concentrate on their proficiency and central business. When businesses go out of their proficiency, they enter business operations and procedures that they might not be as well-informed about and can possibly divert them from their core focus. Better Quality Better quality can be attained by means of providers with more skill and procedures that are more specific. An external service would comprise of assets for employing, appropriate training and competence assessments that might not be on hand if the operation was kept in-house. Client Satisfaction The benefit of having a supplier agreement is they are obligated to definite standards of assistance and quality. It results in better competence and client satisfaction. Operational Competence Outsourcing provides a firm with an introduction to provider specialized structures. Specialization offers more competence that permits a faster TAT and advanced stages of quality. In this fashion, organizations are capable of achieving improved judging and administration. Outsourcing is also capable of enhancing control in an organization. Therefore, organizations can trim down their managerial expenses and enhance competitive advantage (Forbes.com, 2016). Concerning disadvantages, the major concerns while outsourcing is the communication difficulties. The major issue of communication coming up is the absence of physical supervision. The problems that would arise for the company are the termination of the assignment without the awareness of the client, deliverance of inferior results or undelivered tasks by the advisor who selected the outsourcing assignment job (Forbes.com, 2016). On the other hand, the threats engaged in outsourcing accounting services result in the public exposure of different kinds of accounting information. The deciders managing outsourcing are conscious of these threats before they decide to allocate an assignment to a vendor. Other disadvantages of outsourcing are: Alteration in vendor situations Changes in suppliers financial conditions might result in difficulties. This threat can be decreased by means of autonomous advisors or service suppliers. Provider failure Accounting data is also vital for judgments. If the provider is unsuccessful in preparing a statement on time, it might hinder administration measures or strategies (Gewald and Rouse 2012). No Supervisory Control Every time work is outsourced to another firm, the decision-making rights for that specific task prevail with that other firm. Certainly, there is an agreement signed between both businesses, but administration power resides with the other firm. That other firm might not contain enthused and driven employees as this one. They may be simply concerned with being over with the undertaking, without paying a great deal of attention to appropriate task management (Bautista 2015). Information Security It is a noteworthy apprehension when low-wage provider workforces have admittance to sensitive data and have a financial motivation to trade it. Quality Issues Outsourcing firms agree to provide their services to any organization for profit. The expenses would be pre-decided as stated in the contract. Therefore, the single alternative left for the outsourcing firm would be to cut down their operating cost to raise their revenue, at the price of quality of service. In addition, whenever any alterations in the assignment are demanded, the outsourcing firm would demand more money as the requested modifications would be different from the requirements declared in the contract (Bakhtiari 2015). Recommendations Some recommended actions for better integration of the outsourcing strategy in business models are: The client organization should give comprehensive data to the outsourcing firm and constantly maintain track of them. It is furthermore imperative for the hiring organization to make certain the outsourcing firm has the understanding and perception of the background of the hiring firm. By being familiar with the culture, they may not meet with troubles when corresponding with each other. For successful implementation of the strategy, the two firms should look for alignment amid company objectives and outsourcing goals. There should be understanding of technology and shareholder requirements. Crafting of a cautious risk-mitigation approach and developing a sensible offshore provider selection process is necessary. Companies must commit sufficient and proficient resources to sustain offshoring The above mentioned recommendations and some more can result in a successful implementation of an outsourcing program. Conclusion Many Australian accountants carry on resisting the trend of outsourcing; however, several more are utilizing the advantage of the instant cost savings accessible. Whether it is a manageable strategy for undertaking business is still to be observed as are the possibly harmful long-term influences on their brand, trade, and the home economy. When companies outsource, they can focus their time, consideration and funds on the firm's central competencies--and use up their time putting up new goals and discovering methods to attain them. The further a business is eager to believe internationally, the more they unlock themselves to bigger profits. References Bakhtiari, S., 2015. Productivity, outsourcing and exit: the case of Australian manufacturing.Small Business Economics,44(2), pp.425-447. Bautista, M.C.L., 2015. Outsourcing: a phenomenological examination. Forbes.com. 2015. Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/06/22/getting-a-piece-of-business-process-outsourcing/#7f907a006f90 Forbes.com. 2016. Forbes Welcome. [online] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/merrillmatthews/2012/07/20/companies-outsource-because-thats-where-the-sales-are/#2db0d6d34d5a Gewald, H. and Rouse, A., 2012, January. Comparing Business Process and IT Outsourcing Risks--An Exploratory Study in Germany and Australasia. InSystem Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 275-284). IEEE. Kalaignanam, K. and Varadarajan, R., 2012. Offshore outsourcing of customer relationship management: conceptual model and propositions.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), pp.347-363. Mohammadi, H. and Molavi, M., 2015. Evaluating the Outsourcing Performance in Implementing Development Projects Using Analysis of Hierarchical Process (AHP) Technique (Case Study: Mehr Housing Project). Overby, S., 2013. Outsourcing Definition and Solutions. Schniederjans, M.J., Schniederjans, A.M. and Schniederjans, D.G., 2015.Outsourcing and insourcing in an international context. Routledge. Stewart, J. (2016). Australian accountants are using offshore outsourcing. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/money/tax/australian-accountants-are-using-offshore-outsourcing-20160601-gp9g5j.html Vyrynen, K. and Kinnula, M., 2012. Differences between success factors of IS quasi-outsourcing and conventional outsourcing collaboration: a case study of two Finnish companies.Electronic Markets,22(1), pp.49-61. Westphal, P. and Sohal, A.S., 2013. Taxonomy of outsourcing decision models.Production Planning Control,24(4-5), pp.347-358.